Universal Declaration of Human Rights

 

 

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Article 17.

(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 20.

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21.

(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.

(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.

(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

The United Nations
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 1966

Article 18

1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching.
2. No one shall be subject to coercion which would impair his freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice.
3. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.
4. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions.

Article 19

5. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference.
6. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.
7. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:
1. For respect of the rights or reputations of others;
2. For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.

Article 22

8. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
9. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those which are prescribed by law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on members of the armed forces and of the police in their exercise of this right.
10. Nothing in this article shall authorize States Parties to the International Labour Organization Convention of 1948 concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize to take legislative measures which would prejudice, or to apply the law in such a manner as to prejudice, the guarantees provided for in that Convention.

Chú ý lời nói của Tổng thống Hoa Kỳ G. W. Bush trong bài diễn văn nhậm chức kỳ II vào tháng 1/2005: “Tất cả những ai đang sống trong áp bức và vô vọng có thể biết rằng: Hoa Kỳ sẽ không làm ngơ trước tình trạng bị áp bức hay lượng thứ cho những kẻ áp bức. Khi nào các bạn đứng lên đấu tranh vì tự do, chúng tôi sẽ sát cánh cùng các bạn.” Và TT Bush tuyên bố hôm ngày 5 tháng 6 năm 2007 tại Cộng Hòa Tiệp rằng:"Trong các giai đoạn của cuộc Chiến tranh lạnh, đã có những người cãi là bức tường Bá Linh sẽ là mãi mãi, và những người sống đằng sau Bức màn sắt đó sẽ không bao giờ vượt qua được những kẻ đàn áp họ. Lịch sử đã gởi cho chúng ta một lời nhắn nhủ khác".